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What is the Kirkpatrick Model?
The Kirkpatrick Model is a globally recognised framework used to evaluate the effectiveness of training programs. It measures training outcomes across four levels—Reaction, Learning, Behavior, and Results—to determine how well a training initiative achieves its objectives.
Definition
The Kirkpatrick Model is a four-level training evaluation framework that assesses participant reactions, knowledge gained, behavioural changes, and organisational results.
Key Takeaways
- A comprehensive tool for assessing training impact.
- Measures short-term learning and long-term behavioural outcomes.
- Helps organisations improve training design and ROI.
Understanding the Kirkpatrick Model
Developed by Donald Kirkpatrick in the 1950s, the model remains one of the most widely used evaluation tools in corporate learning and development. It offers a structured approach for determining whether training was successful and how it influenced both individual performance and business goals.
The four levels include:
- Level 1: Reaction – How participants felt about the training.
- Level 2: Learning – What knowledge or skills participants acquired.
- Level 3: Behavior – How participants applied the learning on the job.
- Level 4: Results – The overall organisational impact.
Modern adaptations such as the New World Kirkpatrick Model extend the framework to include leading indicators and strategic alignment.
Formula (If Applicable)
Although not formula-based, training professionals assess each level using qualitative and quantitative methods:
- Surveys and feedback forms (Level 1)
- Tests or assessments (Level 2)
- Observation and performance metrics (Level 3)
- Business KPIs such as productivity or sales (Level 4)
Real-World Example
A customer service team undergoes training to improve call resolution. Using the Kirkpatrick Model, the company measures:
- Participant satisfaction with the training (Level 1)
- Knowledge gained through assessments (Level 2)
- Improved service behaviors during calls (Level 3)
- Better customer satisfaction scores and reduced call times (Level 4)
Importance in Business or Economics
This model helps organisations validate whether learning investments generate measurable returns. It also supports continuous improvement by identifying gaps in training content or delivery.
Companies that use the Kirkpatrick Model benefit from higher training effectiveness, improved employee performance, and stronger alignment between learning and organisational goals.
Types or Variations
- New World Kirkpatrick Model – Modernised version with added emphasis on outcomes.
- Phillips ROI Model – Adds financial ROI measurement.
Related Terms
- Training Evaluation
- Learning and Development (L&D)
- Performance Management
- Organisational Development
Sources and Further Reading
- https://www.kirkpatrickpartners.com/
- https://www.td.org/talent-development-glossary-terms/what-is-kirkpatrick-model
Quick Reference
- Core Idea: Evaluate the effectiveness of training.
- Primary Use: Measure learning outcomes and organisational impact.
- Impact: Better training ROI and continuous improvement.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Is the Kirkpatrick Model still relevant today?
Yes, it remains widely used and has been updated to fit modern business needs.
Does the model measure ROI directly?
Not directly, but it supports ROI analysis through Level 4 results.
What industries use the Kirkpatrick Model?
All industries, especially corporate training, education, and government.
