Financial Ratios

What are Financial Ratios?

Financial Ratios represent numerical comparisons derived from a company’s financial statements to evaluate performance, profitability, liquidity, leverage, and efficiency. They are essential tools used by investors, analysts, lenders, and executives for decision‑making and financial analysis.

Key Takeaways

• Financial ratios reveal strengths and weaknesses in corporate performance.
• They support investment, lending, and strategic decisions.
• Ratios vary across industries, so comparisons must consider sector norms.

Understanding Financial Ratios

Financial ratios simplify complex financial information into interpretable metrics. Analysts use them to assess profitability, efficiency, liquidity, leverage, and market valuation.

These ratios allow comparison:

• Over time (trend analysis)
• Against competitors (benchmarking)
• Against industry standards

Key categories include profitability ratios, liquidity ratios, leverage ratios, efficiency ratios, and market‑based ratios. Each category highlights a different dimension of financial performance.

Formula (If Applicable)

Below are common ratio formulas:

Profitability Ratios:

• Net Profit Margin = Net Income / Revenue
• Return on Equity (ROE) = Net Income / Shareholders’ Equity

Liquidity Ratios:

• Current Ratio = Current Assets / Current Liabilities
• Quick Ratio = (Current Assets − Inventory) / Current Liabilities

Leverage Ratios:

• Debt‑to‑Equity = Total Debt / Total Equity

Efficiency Ratios:

• Inventory Turnover = Cost of Goods Sold / Average Inventory

Valuation Ratios:

• Price‑to‑Earnings (P/E) = Share Price / Earnings per Share

Real-World Example

Investors evaluating a retail company often examine ratios like inventory turnover (to assess stock management) and net profit margin (to measure profitability). In 2023, several global retailers improved liquidity ratios as they optimized supply chains and reduced excess inventory.

Importance in Business or Economics

Financial ratios are vital for:

• Investment decisions and equity valuation
• Credit risk assessment by lenders
• Monitoring operational efficiency
• Strategic planning and performance improvement

They help stakeholders understand financial strengths and vulnerabilities quickly.

Types or Variations

Profitability Ratios: Measure earnings performance.
Liquidity Ratios: Evaluate short‑term financial health.
Leverage Ratios: Assess long‑term solvency and risk.
Efficiency Ratios: Analyze asset utilization.
Market Ratios: Evaluate valuation and investor expectations.

Related Terms

• Financial Analysis
• Valuation Metrics
• Capital Structure

Sources and Further Reading

• CFA Institute – Financial Analysis Standards: https://www.cfainstitute.org
• U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC): https://www.sec.gov
• Corporate Finance Institute (CFI): https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com
• Investopedia – Financial Ratios: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/financial-ratios.asp

Quick Reference

• Ratios simplify complex financial data.
• Used for profitability, liquidity, leverage, efficiency, and valuation insights.
• Essential for comparing performance across time and competitors.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)